{ "id": 4574, "date": "2025-06-28T15:06:10", "date_gmt": "2025-06-28T19:06:10", "guid": { "rendered": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/?page_id=4574" }, "modified": "2025-06-28T15:51:58", "modified_gmt": "2025-06-28T19:51:58", "slug": "projetos-de-pesquisa-2", "status": "publish", "type": "page", "link": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/?page_id=4574", "title": { "rendered": "Research Projects" }, "content": { "rendered": "

Interinstitutional projects <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.Amazon \u2013 possible writings: memory, interpretation, alterity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allison Le\u00e3o, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.After Madrugada: contemporary amazonian literature landscape (1966-1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n

Research line: Archive, memory, and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start: 06\/03\/2017
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project is proposed to initiate an investigation into the configurations of the literature produced in the Amazonas contemporary, establishing the initial temporal cut the year 1966 and end the year 1989, since it is a first part (two years) of a broad study, expected to last four years. Our research intends to raise the formal and thematic characteristics, as well as the interactions of the literary intellectual field in this scenario.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

2.Bases for the constitution of the Amazonas literary and visual archive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research line: Archive, memory, and interpretation
Start: 01\/01\/2013
Project Situation: In progress
Description: The project was managed within the teaching and research activities of the UEA Postgraduate Program in Arts and Letters. The contact of researchers who make up the program, coming from different areas such as literary and arts studies, enabled the perception of a research field whose initiatives in the Amazon are still incipient. It is working with literary files, a theme that expands interdisciplinarily. We intend to start important, fundamental step in which the basis for many years studies should be forged. Thus, our first objective is the research, survey and analysis of the literary archives in the Amazon nowadays. Parallel to this, it is intended to constitute a methodology to handle the material proper to literary archives. We also hope that one of the effects of our research will be the insertion of UEA in a cooperation network with institutions that have consolidated work with literary archives. To achieve these goals, the team involved (researchers and students) must run through the possible literary sources in Manaus to compose a comprehensive survey, adding to this the initial constitution of a both theoretical files collection and primary sources to be housed in the PPGLA. Our methodology, therefore, is composed of visitation and research of what and how the literary archives are currently available in Amazonas (at this moment, specifically in Manaus) and the classical and current theoretical reading on the issue of writers archives. As a result, in addition to the proposed objectives achieved, we hope to start a new form of treatment of artistic memory in the Amazon, which would mean social, cultural, intellectual and historical results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carlos Renato Ros\u00e1rio de Jesus, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.The invention of grammar: history, teaching and criticism<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research line: language, discourse and social practices
Start: 04\/03\/2019
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This research project turns to a critical study of the theoretical and didactic formulations concerning the concept, structure and purposes of grammar, from its origins, with the Greeks and ancient Romans, through their systematization in Portuguese, during the Middle Ages, to their reformulation, in Brazilian contemporary, made by the grammarians and linguists who are concerned. It is intended to establish a critical study of the notion of grammar, in general, with emphasis on investigating the criteria that guide their methodological choices. We will also dedicate ourselves to the historical-epistemological understanding of art, dealing with both ancient authors (and the respective translation of their Grammaticae, when it is the case of Latin authors), and with their linguistic theorizing, with due direction to their production in Portuguese. With this, we hope to understand their theoretical-methodological motivations, in the context of their old and recent formulations. The research does not dispense with a didactic-empirical approach, which could provide solid subsidies for the broad understanding of the teaching of the Portuguese language in its grammatical aspect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Rhetoric, stylistic and metalanguage in the context of classical Latin prosa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research line: language, discourse and social practices
Start: 01\/03\/2017
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project involve translation, exegesis and interpretation of classical rhetoric texts in Greek and Latin, as well as other prosa treatises that discuss the formulations of ancient authors \u2013 particularly, but not exclusively, Marcus Tullius Cicero about his own language, whether concerning the discursive (oratory) and metalinguistic aspects, or the social, cultural and philosophical aspects. It also includes works focused on the intertextuality, allusion and reception of such texts, both among their contemporaries and among the group of authors and works temporally distant from them. As a refinement of this range of research, space will be reserved for the study of the phonetic-phonological system of the Latin language, always from the perspective circumstantiated by the inferences of the classical authors themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Caroline Caregnato, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Problems of Musical Cognition and their interfaces with cognition in Dance and Theater<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 05\/03\/2017
Project Situation: In progress
Description: The research area of Musical Cognition is associated with investigations of the mental processes involved in musical appreciation and reception, in the activities of composition, performance, learning and development of knowledge in Music, among other subjects. The research topics addressed include: memorization processes, musical perception, mental representations of music, the development of singing and other interpretive skills, musical talent, stress related to performance, among others. Studies aimed at understanding cognitive processes associated with other artistic languages, such as Dance and Theater, can also draw on knowledge already built in the field of Music, not only because Musical Cognition is a well-established area of study, but also because of the interdisciplinary nature that exists between the languages of Theater, Dance and Music. Thus, this research project proposes the establishment of interfaces between research in the field of Musical Cognition and problems related to the mental processes involved in production, appreciation and learning\/development in Dance and Theater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Verifying the effectiveness of strategies used by teachers and students for the construction of musical writing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 01\/09\/2018
Project Situation: In progress
Description: The general aim of this study is to analyze the efficiency of strategies used by students and suggested by teachers for the construction of musical writing. This project encompasses a set of six investigations, which will be conducted by a work team involving teachers and researchers from four Brazilian universities, and which are explained in the specific objectives: (1) to investigate whether the action of singing while the notation is produced is something that favors the construction of writing; (2) to investigate whether the auditory analysis of music before the production of notation is something that favors the construction of writing; (3) to investigate whether musical performance (i.e., manipulating notes) before writing is something that favors the production of notation; (4) to investigate whether solfeging music (i.e., manipulating notes) before writing is something that favors the production of notation; (5) to investigate whether composing, using instruments (i.e., manipulating notes), before writing is something that favors the production of notation; (6) investigate whether there are invariants between people regarding which would be the most efficient strategies, adopted spontaneously, for producing musical writing. The methodology to be adopted for carrying out the proposed studies will involve the execution of bibliographic surveys, related to the themes under study, as well as the collection of data through the application of questionnaires or experimental work, carried out with music students of different ages and levels of musical experience. In addition to the aforementioned, it is expected that this project can contribute to the training of researchers at the undergraduate and graduate levels, strengthen the activities of the research group and the graduate program linked to it, as well as promote the dissemination of studies carried out in Amazonas in the area of Music and Musical Cognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Luciane Viana Barros P\u00e1scoa, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Images and narratives about operatic artists working in Bel\u00e9m and Manaus between 1880 and 1910.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 01\/21\/2019
Description: This Project organizes photographic set into categories of analysis, aims to develop narratives that recover the criticism and chronicle of musical or dramatic theater, addressing the study of the reception of operatic works, artists and companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Iconography, musical iconography and iconology: interpretative approaches<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 08\/10\/2015
Project Situation: In progress
Description: The main objective of this project is to collect and systematize information about suitable artworks for carrying out an iconographic, musical iconographic, aesthetic and iconological study, with methods and theories of Art History and Musicology. The aim is to establish interdisciplinary approaches to the image and its aesthetic relations with music, dance and entertainment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. VISUAL ARTS IN BRAZIL IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 01\/01\/2011
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project aims to identify, collect and systematize information regarding pictorial, sculptural and decorative works from public sources in Manaus, such as the Pinacoteca do Estado do Amazonas and the Biblioteca P\u00fablica do Estado do Amazonas, as well as public places and public buildings with heritage assets, and intention of gathering historical and artistic support for the of art history in Amazonas.\nNowadays this Project focus the iconographic-musical work of Aur\u00e9lio de Figueiredo, produced for the periodicals A Com\u00e9dia Social and Semana Ilustrada between 1870 and 1875, published in caricature form, as well as paintings alluding to musical or literary-musical themes. The specific objectives are to delimit the scope of Aur\u00e9lio de Figueiredo's iconographic-musical work published in the form of caricatures in national newspapers; to survey paintings that represent musical themes; to analyze examples or thematic blocks within the theme of musical iconography (musical theater, organological aspects, artists, among others), observing the relationships between memory and alterity. The methodology involves historical research in periodicals, literature review, image research, analysis of images and their intertextual relationship. The project is based on the iconographic and iconological studies of Erwin Panofsky, also observing the intertextual elements, according to Omar Calabrese (1997). Other art theorists will be used, such as Aby Warburg, Pierre Francastel, Carlo Ginzburg, Enrico Castelnuovo, Victor Serr\u00e3o, Arnold Hauser and Laurent Gervereau. The analyses will be accommodated in the format of a book chapter and a scientific article. This postdoctoral research project is underway in the Graduate Program in Music at the State University of Campinas -UNICAMP, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Paulo Mugayar K\u00fchl and is funded by the CAPES\/Brazil scholarship, through the PROCAD-AMAZ\u00d4NIA Program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Music and Image: musical iconography in the work of Aur\u00e9lio de Figueiredo (1854-1916)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Description: This project aims to catalog the collection donated to the PPGLA-UEA, consisting of various funds, and expand it to a digital consultation platform.
Situa\u00e7\u00e3o: Em andamento; Natureza: Pesquisa.
Alunos envolvidos: Mestrado acad\u00eamico: (2) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Members: Luciane Viana Barros P\u00e1scoa \u2013 Coordinator \/ Paulo Mugayar K\u00fchl \u2013 Member.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Luciano Herc\u00edlio Alves Souto, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. The musical language of historical plucked string instruments in transcriptions for guitar: contextualization and interpretation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Theory, criticism and creative processes
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start Date: 01\/03\/2017
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Research project that involves the idiomatic reconstruction of the musical language of historical plucked string instruments such as vihuelas, guitars and lutes from the 16th to the 18th centuries, in transcriptions for guitar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2. Guitars\/Violas and Citterns: musical transcription and performance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 02\/03\/2020
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Guitars\/violas have rarely borrowed from the musical works originally composed for cistres, whose production by authors such as Geminiani (1687-1762), C. P. E. Bach (1714 \u2013 1788), Noferi (1730-1780), Jordani (1730-1806) and others constitutes a repertoire of inestimable importance for plucked strings, despite the little knowledge of cistres by the current public and the neglect of their repertoire by the historiography of plucked strings until recently. Thus, this research project proposes the rescue and effective performance of this repertoire based on the investigation of primary and secondary documentary sources and the transcription and adaptation of musical works to the technical-idiomatic specificities of the instruments involved from an interdisciplinary perspective. It contemplates socio-historical-cultural aspects of the instruments, composers and the repertoire studied through methodological tools of interpretative practices, historical musicology, sociology of music and ethnomusicology, semiotics, linguistics and philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 3. Music, Dance and Theater: correspondences, co-occurrences and similarities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 03\/05\/2018
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Research project that seeks to understand the existence of possible equivalences between musical and gestural languages, involving the interfaces between music, dance and theater. In this sense, it investigates the possibility of articulating the performance practice of the instrumentalist musician or singer with the work of the actor, considering the act of musical performance itself as a form of theatrical representation. It investigates the existence of possible correspondences between the gestural patterns of the choreographic movements found in dance and to what extent they correspond to or translate the musical content related to it, seeking to articulate these three languages based on possible correspondences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Marcos Frederico Kr\u00fcger Aleixo, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Pan-Amazon Literature<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Archive, memory and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start Date: 05\/05\/2015
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Study of works by writers from the Brazilian, Peruvian and Colombian Amazon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1rcio Leonel Farias Reis P\u00e1scoa, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Portuguese and Brazilian musical studies<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Theory, criticism and creative processes
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start Date: 05\/05\/2015
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project aims to investigate various musical elements involving Brazil, Portugal and their main sources of influence, in the period from the 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century. The methodology adopted aims to combine musicological studies of a historical and analytical perspective, and interpretative approaches in a ptarctical way, inspired by historical and aesthetic sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Transcription, revision, editing and performing musical works from research of the Musicology and Cultural History Laboratory - UEA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Archive, memory and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start: 01\/03\/2018
Nature of the Project: Research
SituData de in\u00edcio: 20\/01\/2019
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Collection of primary sources for musical documentary editing with analytical studies and performance results, both in a scientific-academic and artistic way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Amazonas Baroque Orchestra 2019\/2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 02\/04\/2019
Project Status: In progress
Project Situation: In progress
Descri\u00e7\u00e3o: A Orquestra Barroca do Amazonas se dedica \u00e0 m\u00fasica dos s\u00e9culos XVII a XIX, especialmente se concentrando no s\u00e9culo XVIII. Ela passou a ser formada por professores, alunos de mestrado e gradua\u00e7\u00e3o, com eventuais colabora\u00e7\u00f5es externas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1rio Marques Trilha Neto, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. T\u00f3picos, ret\u00f3rica e an\u00e1lise musical<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research line: Archive, memory, and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Data de in\u00edcio: 01\/03\/2018
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Descri\u00e7\u00e3o: O estudo repertorial feito na \u00faltima d\u00e9cada de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica pelo Laborat\u00f3rio de Musicologia e Hist\u00f3ria Cultural da UEA proporcionou a transcri\u00e7\u00e3o e grava\u00e7\u00e3o de diversas obras do patrim\u00f4nio musical luso-brasileiro. Muitas destas obras devem ganhar agora uma edi\u00e7\u00e3o formal e \u00e9 importante que sejam estudadas sob diversos aspectos. Desta a\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m devem ser geradas disserta\u00e7\u00f5es, artigos e participa\u00e7\u00f5es em eventos cient\u00edficos e grupos de trabalho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Repert\u00f3rio setecentista e oitocentista luso-brasileiro para instrumentos de tecla, e fonte de baixo cont\u00ednuo e acompanhamento<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Archive, memory and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Data de In\u00edcio: 06\/03\/2017
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Descri\u00e7\u00e3o: Fontes manuscritas e impressas de m\u00fasica para tecla em Portugal e Brasil, nos s\u00e9culos XVIII e XIX, e obras que abordem o baixo cont\u00ednuo e acompanhamento realizado no mesmo universo e per\u00edodo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Juciane Cavalheiro, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Research on Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts of exotopy and chronotope: formulation of concepts for subsequent analysis of Latin American literatures<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Archive, memory and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start: 01\/03\/2018
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: The research project aims to investigate relationships between discursive formations that are constituted around certain discourses that present a conflictive and contradictory nature. More specifically, it aims to analyze, based on Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts of exotopy and chronotope, the space-time relationship in the literature of three Latin American writers, namely: Jorge Luis Borges (Buenos Aires, 1899; Geneva, 1986); Benjamin Sanches (Manaus, 1915-1978) and Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez (Aracataca-COL, 1927; Mexico City, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Studies on Discourse, Enunciation and Reception<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 02\/03\/2013
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project investigates issues of a more theoretical nature, such as the figures of the reader and the author, and also focuses on the analysis of social reading practices and work with discursive genres, as well as working with the reception of literary works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Enunciative studies: subjectivity and alterity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 05\/05\/2015
Project Situation: In progress
Description: In this project, which has enunciation as its central point, as understood by Bakhtin and Benveniste, we develop work on reading, authorship and reader. We are interested in: a) the analysis of literary texts, with an enunciative bias; b) theoretical and practical issues, such as authorship and reading practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Memory, alterity and critical reception of Milton Hatoum's work<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start date: 02\/01\/2020
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This is a postdoctoral research project on the work and critical fortune of Milton Hatoum. The objectives are: a) to analyze memory and alterity in the works of Milton Hatoum, in order to verify how the process of self-recognition occurs based on the relationship established with \u201cmemory\u201d linked to time and alterity related to the other; b) to carry out a survey and thematic synthesis of the critical fortune of the works of Milton Hatoum; c) to analyze the works of Milton Hatoum, having as a backdrop the key concepts of memory and alterity; d) to contribute to the results of the literary production of the third phase foreseen in the larger project \u201cAmazon \u2013 possible writings: memory, interpretation, alterity\u201d; e) to reinforce the institutional importance of the project for the dissemination of knowledge in the university and for the training of researchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Renata Beatriz Brandespin Rolon, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Feminine lyricism in Angola: memories and aspirations in poetic songs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 02\/03\/2020
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Research into female lyrical production in Angola, published after independence, highlighting new voices and considering the historical construction, silencing and\/or marginalization imposed on these authors. By promoting research and subsequent analysis of the corpus, we will be involved in other important issues, which articulate literary production with the history of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2. Comparative Studies, Criticism and Africanities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Start: 02\/03\/2020
Type of project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: This research project aims to promote the analysis of authors and works from countries that are part of the PALOP (African countries with Portuguese as an Official Language), based on literary comparatism. We are interested in researching the formation of the literary field, the constitution of national identity, the contributions of Africanist movements (Pan Africanism and Negritude); the construction of space and the search for language; the intersections between orality and writing; and the Brazilian presence in the formation of African literatures and cultures in the pre- and post-independence periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Literature and criticism in Portuguese-speaking African countries<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Line: Archive, memory and interpretation
Area of Concentration: Artistic, literary and linguistic representation and interpretation
Start Date: 04\/05\/2015
Nature of the Project: Research
Project Situation: In progress
Description: Research on literature and criticism in Portuguese-speaking countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Vanessa Bordin, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Popular Comic Theater and its contributions to the actor's work<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Project Situation: In progress
Description: This project focuses on the relationship between the artistic and political practice of the actor\/performer. Based on research into the buffoon, it seeks to analyze the effectiveness of his\/her performance in carrying out political actions in scenic or public spaces.<\/p>", "protected": false }, "excerpt": { "rendered": "

Projetos Interinstitucionais 1. Amaz\u00f4nia – escritas poss\u00edveis: mem\u00f3ria, interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o, alteridades Prof. Dr. Allison Le\u00e3o da Silva 1. Depois da Madrugada: panorama da literatura amazonense contempor\u00e2nea (1966-1990) Linha de Pesquisa: ARQUIVO, MEM\u00d3RIA E INTERPRETA\u00c7\u00c3O\u00c1rea de Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o: Representa\u00e7\u00e3o e interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o art\u00edstica, liter\u00e1ria e lingu\u00edsticaIn\u00edcio: 06\/03\/2017Situa\u00e7\u00e3o do Projeto: em andamentoDescri\u00e7\u00e3o: Este projeto tem […]<\/p>", "protected": false }, "author": 1, "featured_media": 0, "parent": 0, "menu_order": 0, "comment_status": "closed", "ping_status": "closed", "template": "", "meta": { "footnotes": "" }, "class_list": [ "post-4574", "page", "type-page", "status-publish", "hentry" ], "_links": { "self": [ { "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4574", "targetHints": { "allow": [ "GET" ] } } ], "collection": [ { "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages" } ], "about": [ { "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page" } ], "author": [ { "embeddable": true, "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1" } ], "replies": [ { "embeddable": true, "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4574" } ], "version-history": [ { "count": 4, "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4574\/revisions" } ], "predecessor-version": [ { "id": 4579, "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4574\/revisions\/4579" } ], "wp:attachment": [ { "href": "http:\/\/ppgla.uea.edu.br\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4574" } ], "curies": [ { "name": "wp", "href": "https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}", "templated": true } ] } }